Such improvements in vegetative traits are caused by 2–8 t ha –1 goat manure (Awodun, 2007) and 10–15 t ha –1 poultry manure (Taimiyu et al., 2012; Uka et al., 2013; Ahmad et al., 2019) in A. esculentus; 5–10 t ha –1 poultry manure in A. cruentus (Law-Ogbomo and Ajayi, 2009); as well as 1–2 t ha –1 poultry manure in C. olitorius